Objetivo – Investigar os efeitos da Restrição à Experiência Turística sobre o desejo de viajar (travel craving), o risco percebido à saúde, o bem-estar subjetivo e a intenção de viajar em contexto pandêmico de restrição prolongada da mobilidade.
Desenho/metodologia/abordagem – Estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo-explicativo, realizado por meio de survey online com turistas habituais. Os dados foram analisados por Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e Modelagem de Equações Estruturais.
Resultados – A Restrição à Experiência Turística intensificou o desejo de viajar e o risco percebido à saúde, sem efeito direto significativo sobre o bem-estar subjetivo. Contrariamente ao esperado pela literatura, o risco percebido à saúde apresentou efeitos positivos sobre o bem-estar subjetivo e a intenção de viajar, enquanto o bem-estar exerceu efeito negativo sobre a intenção de viajar, sugerindo dinâmica compensatória associada à restauração emocional e à retomada da normalidade cotidiana.
Implicações práticas – Os achados indicam que respostas turísticas em contextos de crise dependem não apenas da redução objetiva do risco, mas também da forma como restrições, desejos e estados subjetivos são experienciados pelos turistas, oferecendo subsídios para gestão de destinos e políticas públicas.
Originalidade/valor – O estudo contribui ao compreender a Restrição à Experiência Turística como fenômeno contextual associado à privação prolongada da mobilidade turística, integrando bem-estar subjetivo, travel craving e risco percebido à saúde em um único modelo explicativo.
Limitações da pesquisa – As limitações incluem o delineamento transversal, o contexto específico da pandemia da covid-19, a não sustentação da estrutura multidimensional do risco percebido à saúde e a confiabilidade mais modesta do construto Intenção de Viajar.
Abraham, V., Bremser, K., Carreño, M., Crowley-Cyr, L., & Moreno, M. (2020). Exploring the consequences of COVID-19 on tourist behaviors: perceived travel risk, animosity and intentions to travel. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2020-0344
Airak, S., Sukor, N. S. A., & Rahman, N. A. (2023). Travel behaviour changes and risk perception during COVID-19: A case study of Malaysia. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 18, 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100784
Andriola, W. B., & Cavalcante, L. R. (1999). Avaliação da depressão infantil em alunos da pré-escola. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 12(2), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79721999000200011
Aragonés, J. I., Talayero, F., & Olivos, P. (2010). Percepción del riesgo de la gripe A (H1N1) desde el “paradigma psicométrico”. Revista de Psicología Social, 25(3), 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347410792675633
Avecillas-Torres, I., Herrera-Puente, S., Galarza-Cordero, M., Coello-Nieto, F., Farfán-Pacheco, K., Alvarado-Vanegas, B., Ordóñez-Ordóñez, S., & Espinoza-Figueroa, F. (2025). Nature tourism and mental well-being: Insights from a controlled context on reducing depression, anxiety, and stress. Sustainability, 17(2), 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020654
Aziz, N., & Long, F. (2021). To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID‐19. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21, 352-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2008
Babbie, E. (2003). Metodologia survey. da UFMG.
Barbieri, D., Lou, B., Passavanti, M., Hui, C., Hoff, I., Lessa, D., Sikka, G., Chang, K., Gupta, A., Fang, K., Banerjee, A., Maharaj, B., Lam, L., Ghasemi, N., Naik, B., Wang, F., Mirhosseini, A., Naseri, S., Liu, Z., Qiao, Y., Tucker, A., Wijayaratna, K., Peprah, P., Adomako, S., Yu, L., Goswami, S., Chen, H., Shu, B., Hessami, A., Abbas, M., Agarwal, N., & Rashidi, T. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mobility in ten countries and associated perceived risk for all transport modes. PLoS ONE, 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245886
Barbhuiya, M., & Chatterjee, D. (2020). Vulnerability and resilience of the tourism sector in India: Effects of natural disasters and internal conflict. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100616
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 115-128 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x
Benke, C., Autenrieth, L., Asselmann, E., & Pané-Farré, C. (2020). Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113462 - 113462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113462
Bratić, M., Radivojević, A., Stojiljković, N., Simović, O., Juvan, E., Lesjak, M., & Podovšovnik, E. (2021). Should I stay or should I go? Tourists’ COVID-19 risk perception and vacation behavior shift. Sustainability, 13(6), 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063573
Brehm, J. W. (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.
Bonati, M., Campi, R., & Segre, G. (2022). Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 31. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796022000051
Buckley, R. (2020). Nature tourism and mental health: Parks, happiness, and causation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1409–1424. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1742725
Cao, J., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Hu, H., & Yu, P. (2020). How Far Is the Ideal Destination? Distance Desire, Ways to Explore the Antinomy of Distance Effects in Tourist Destination Choice. Journal of Travel Research, 59, 614-630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519844832
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Cifelli, G. (2022). Efeitos da pandemia de Covid-19 na dinâmica territorial do turismo nos municípios paulistas de relevância patrimonial. GEOUSP Espaço e Tempo (Online). https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2022.200971
Ciriaco, T., Pitombo, C., & Assirati, L. (2023). Travel behavior and activity resilience regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: An approach based on smartphone panel data. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 12, 100998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.100998
Chan, C. S. (2021). Developing a conceptual model for the post-COVID-19 pandemic changing tourism risk perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189824
Chan, H., Torgler, B., Skali, A., Stadelmann, D., & Savage, D. (2020). Risk attitudes and human mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76763-2
Chen, C., Petrick, J., & Shahvali, M. (2016). Tourism Experiences as a Stress Reliever. Journal of Travel Research, 55, 150 - 160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514546223
Chen, C., Zou, S., & Petrick, J. (2019). Is Travel and Tourism a Priority for You? A Comparative Study of American and Taiwanese Residents. Journal of Travel Research, 58, 650 - 665. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518771211
Chen, T., Guo, C., Pai, C., & Long, Z. (2025). Influencing factors of tourists’ travel anxiety and the relationship with travel resilience. International Journal of Tourism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.70085
Chua, B., Al-Ansi, A., Lee, M. J., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829570
Costa‐Font, J., & Vilaplana-Prieto, C. (2022). Risky restrictions? Mobility restriction effects on risk awareness and anxiety. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 126, 1090 - 1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2022.08.009
Damásio, B. F. (2012). Uso da análise fatorial exploratória em psicologia. Avaliaçao Psicologica: Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 213-228.
Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010
DiStefano, C., & Morgan, G. B. (2014). A comparison of diagonal weighted least squares robust estimation techniques for ordinal data. Structural Equation Modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 21(3), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915373
Farmaki, A. (2020). Memory and forgetfulness in tourism crisis research. Tourism Management, 83, 104210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104210
Ferrer, R., Klein, W., Avishai, A., Jones, K., Villegas, M., & Sheeran, P. (2018). When does risk perception predict protection motivation for health threats? A person-by-situation analysis. PLoS ONE, 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191994
Fiorenzato, E., Zabberoni, S., Costa, A., & Cona, G. (2021). Cognitive and mental health changes and their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. PLoS ONE, 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246204
Foliano, F., Tonei, V., & Sevilla, A. (2023). Social Restrictions, Leisure and Well-being. Labour Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102485
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation modeling and regression: guidelines for research practice. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gao, J., & Kerstetter, D. (2016). Using an intersectionality perspective to uncover older Chinese female's perceived travel constraints and negotiation strategies. Tourism Management, 57, 128-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.001
Gao, J., Kerstetter, D., & Wang, T. (2024). The impact of vacations on urban women's well-being from the perspective of feminist urbanism. Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.105006
Gao, J., & Kerstetter, D. (2018). From sad to happy to happier: Emotion regulation strategies used during a vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.12.004
Gao, Q., Liu, Y., Ayub, B., & Hussain, M. (2022). Does health crises affect tourism? Role of financial inclusion for green financial development. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 896894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.896894
Gao*, F., Huang, P., & Chen, C. (2025). 20 The Intervention Effect Of Tourism Activities On The Social Function Recovery Of Patients With Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaf007.020
Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-06-2020-0257
Golets, A., Farias, J., Pilati, R., & Costa, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions. Current Psychology, 42, 2500–2513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02282-6
Gouveia, V. V., Barbosa, G. A., Almeida, H., & Gaião, A. D. A. (1995). Children’s depression inventory-CDI: adaptation study with students of João Pessoa. J Bras Psiq, 44(7), 345-9.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Hanafiah, M. H., Zain, N. A. M., Azinuddin, M., & Shariffuddin, N. S. (2021). I’m afraid to travel! Investigating the effect of perceived health risk on Malaysian travellers’ post-pandemic perception and future travel intention. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2021-0235
Han, S., Yoon, A., Kim, M., & Yoon, J. (2022). What influences tourist behaviors during and after the COVID-19 pandemic? Focusing on theories of risk, coping, and resilience. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 50, 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.02.024
Hair, Joseph F. et al. Análise multivariada de dados. Bookman editora, 2009.
Hair Jr, J. F., da Silva Gabriel, M. L. D., & Patel, V. K. (2014). Modelagem de Equações Estruturais Baseada em Covariância (CB-SEM) com o AMOS: Orientações sobre a sua aplicação como uma Ferramenta de Pesquisa de Marketing. REMark-Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(2), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2718
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research methods in applied linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Hakim, M., Zanetta, L., & Da Cunha, D. (2021). Should I stay, or should I go? Consumers' perceived risk and intention to visit restaurants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.), 141, 110152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110152
Hefny, L. (2023). For accessible tourism experience: Exploring the blog sphere of people with disabilities. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR). https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1283500
Hotle, S., Murray-Tuite, P., & Singh, K. (2020). Influenza risk perception and travel-related health protection behavior in the US: Insights for the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100127 - 100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100127
Hu, F., Wen, J., Zheng, D., Jiang, Y., Hou, H., & Wang, W. (2024). Rethinking perceived constraints for people with chronic diseases: Developing and validating a scale for tourists with mild dementia. Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.105082
Humagain, P., & Singleton, P. (2021). Exploring tourists' motivations, constraints, and negotiations regarding outdoor recreation trips during COVID-19 through a focus group study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100447
Irimiás, A., & Mitev, A. (2021). Tourists as caged birds: Elaborating travel thoughts and craving when feeling captive. Journal of Travel Research, 62(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211056684
Jarumaneerat, T. (2021). Segmenting international tourists based on the integration of travel risk perceptions and past travel experience. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 23, 508-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2021.1891596
Jin, X., Qu, M., & Bao, J. (2019). Impact of crisis events on Chinese outbound tourist flow: A framework for post-events growth. Tourism Management, 74, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.011
Jiang, X., Qin, J., Gao, J., & Gossage, M. (2022). The mediation of perceived risk’s impact on destination image and travel intention: An empirical study of Chengdu, China during COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0261851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261851
Joo, D., Xu, W., Lee, J., Lee, C. K., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). Residents’ perceived risk, emotional solidarity, and support for tourism amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100553
Jepson, A., Stadler, R., & Spencer, N. (2019). Making positive family memories together and improving quality of life through thick sociality and bonding at local community festivals and events. Tourism Management, 75, 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.05.001
Jordan, E., Spencer, D., & Prayag, G. (2019). Tourism impacts, emotions and stress. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.01.011
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Kim, E., Seo, K., & Choi, Y. (2021). Compensatory travel post COVID-19: Cognitive and emotional effects of risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 61(8), 1895–1909. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211048930
Kim, T., & Ha, J. (2023). Applying a Goal-Directed Behavior Model to Determine Risk Perception of COVID-19 and War on Potential Travelers’ Behavioral Intentions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032562
Khalid, U., Okafor, L., & Shafiullah, M. (2020). The effects of economic and financial crises on international tourist flows: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519834360
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Knobloch, U., Robertson, K., & Aitken, R. (2017). Experience, emotion, and eudaimonia: A consideration of tourist experiences and well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516650937
Kruczek, Z., Szromek, A. R., Jodłowski, M., Gmyrek, K., & Nowak, K. (2023). Visiting national parks during the COVID-19 pandemic: An example of social adaptation of tourists in the perspective of creating social innovations. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2), 100062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100062
Li, Z., Zhang, S., Liu, X., Kozak, M., & Wen, J. (2020). Seeing the invisible hand: Underlying effects of COVID-19 on tourists’ behavioral patterns. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100502
Lin, G., & Li, M. (2024). Animal psychotherapist: The potential impacts of animal-based tourism on mental health. Tourism Management, 99, 104959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.104959
Lin, G., Li, M., Li, B., & Meng, Y. (2024). A healing journey with animals. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 58, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2024.07.006
Lin, Y., & Yang, Y. (2024). Understanding tourist restoration: An integrated framework from the perspective of environmental change. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 29, 144-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2024.2316591
Lin, L., Yu, M., Choi, H., & Lee, H. (2025). Exploring the psychological benefits of value co-creation in tourism: Enhancing hedonic and eudaimonic well-being through empowerment, social connectedness, and positive emotions. Journal of Vacation Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667251320111
Lin, Z., Wong, I. A., Kou, I. E., & Zhen, X. (2021). Inducing wellbeing through staycation programs in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100907
Lin, Y., & Nawijn, J. (2020). The impact of travel motivation on emotions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 16, 100363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.05.006
Liu, L., Zhou, Y., & Sun, X. (2023). The impact of the wellness tourism experience on tourist well-being: The mediating role of tourist satisfaction. Sustainability, 15(3), 1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031872
Liu, H., Xu, S., Chen, Z., & Hou, Y. (2023). The impact of social distancing on tourists’ preferences for anthropomorphism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55, 383–398.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.05.002
Liu, Y., Shi, H., Li, Y., & Amin, A. (2021). Factors influencing Chinese residents’ post-pandemic outbound travel intentions: An extended theory of planned behavior model based on the perception of COVID-19. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2020-0458
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social indicators research, 46(2), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041
Matiza, T., & Köchling, A. (2023). The object of my desire! Exploring the antecedents of long-haul travel intentions in an era of uncertainty. Tourism Recreation Research, 50, 588 - 604. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2288384
Matiza, T. (2020). Post-COVID-19 crisis travel behaviour: Towards mitigating the effects of perceived risk. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-04-2020-0063
Mækelæ, M., Reggev, N., Dutra, N., Tamayo, R., Silva-Sobrinho, R., Klevjer, K., & Pfuhl, G. (2020). Perceived efficacy of COVID-19 restrictions, reactions and their impact on mental health during the early phase of the outbreak in six countries. Royal Society Open Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200644
McCabe, S., & Johnson, S. (2013). The happiness factor in tourism: Subjective well-being and social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 42–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.001
Mckercher, B., & Darcy, S. (2018). Re-conceptualizing barriers to travel by people with disabilities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.01.003
McLean, G., Alyahya, M., Barhorst, J., & Osei-Frimpong, K. (2023). Examining the influence of virtual reality tourism on consumers’ subjective wellbeing. Tourism Management Perspectives, 46, 101088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101088
Melian, A. (2025). Inclusive Tourism: Exploring Tourism Constraints from a Text-mining Approach. Global Conference on Business and Social Sciences Proceeding. https://doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2025.1(7)
Mitev, A. Z., & Irimiás, A. (2021). Travel craving. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103111
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide (Version 8). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.
Nigg, J., Plaikner, A., Peters, M., & Haid, M. (2024). Leisure constraints towards accessible tourism: Self-characteristics of people with disability along tourism value chains. Current Issues in Tourism, 28, 3031-3045. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2024.2394965
Nyaupane, G., & Andereck, K. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 433-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308325
Nguyen, T., & Tong, S. (2022). The impact of user-generated content on intention to select a travel destination. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-022-00174-7
Oliveira, W., Da Fonseca, I., & Júnior, S. (2023). Turismo e covid-19: a intenção de viagem do consumidor de turismo para o ano de 2021 e 2022. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2023.21.008
Pallant, J. F. (2010). Manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS.
Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernández-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yáñez-Martínez, D. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: The interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110455
Peng, C., Zou, Y., & Jin, D. (2025). Wellness tourism healing: A systematic review unveiling how cultural symbolic experiences influence health recovery. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2024-0918
Perić, G., Dramićanin, S., & Conić, M. (2021). The impact of Serbian tourists’ risk perception on their travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Tourism Research, 27, 2705. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v27i.2125
Pezzi, E., & Vianna, S. L. G. (2015). A Experiência Turística e o Turismo de Experiência: um estudo sobre as dimensões da experiência memorável. Revista Turismo em análise, 26(1), 165-187.
Podlesek, A., Komidar, L., & Kavcic, V. (2021). The Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Subjective Cognitive Decline During the COVID-19 Epidemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647971
Rahman, M., Gazi, M. A. I., Bhuiyan, M. A. H., & Rahaman, M. M. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. PLOS ONE, 16(9), e0256486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256486
Rahmafitria, F., Suryadi, K., Oktadiana, H., Putro, H., & Rosyidie, A. (2021). Applying knowledge, social concern and perceived risk in planned behavior theory for tourism in the Covid-19 pandemic. Tourism Review, 20. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-11-2020-0542
Rather, R., Hollebeek, L., Wait, M., & Khan, I. (2025). Tourists’ perceived travel risk, desire to travel, travel engagement, and subjective wellbeing: The moderating role of emotion regulation. Current Issues in Tourism, 29, 633-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2024.2435420
Ringle, C. M., Da Silva, D., & de Souza Bido, D. (2014). Modelagem de equações estruturais com utilização do SmartPLS. REMark-Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(2), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2717
Rokni, L. (2021). The psychological consequences of COVID-19 pandemic in tourism sector: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 50(9), 1743–1756. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i9.7045
Rosselló, J., Becken, S., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management, 79, 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080
Sánchez-Cañizares, S., Cabeza-Ramírez, L. J., Muñoz-Fernández, G., & Fuentes-García, F. (2020). Impact of the perceived risk from COVID-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571
Santos, R. C. D., Costa, C. S. R., Costa, M. F. D., & França, K. D. L. D. (2024). Risk and consumer fear of visiting tourist destinations in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 14(1), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTP.2024.135432
Seyfi, S., Hall, M., Saarinen, J., Zaman, M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2024). Identifying constraints on Gen Z’s path toward ethical tourism consumption and practices. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 33, 1216-1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2024.2418967
Shin, H., Nicolau, J. L., Kang, J., Sharma, A., & Lee, H. (2021). Travel decision determinants during and after COVID-19: The role of tourist trust, travel constraints, and attitudinal factors. Tourism Management, 88, 104428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104428
Shin, K.-H., & Yoon, B. (2026). A structural analysis of the link between tourism experience quality, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research. https://doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2025.32.1.002
Sio-Chong, U., & So, Y. (2020). The impacts of financial and non-financial crises on tourism: Evidence from Macao and Hong Kong. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100628
Silva, D., De Paula Censi Borges, V., & John, E. (2022). Análise netnográfica dos impactos do COVID-19 no turismo do Brasil. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2022.20.042
Støre, S., Friman, M., & Olsson, L. (2025). The travel-hope framework: bridging hope, travel, and well-being. Transport Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2025.2487075
Takizawa, T., Parady, G., & Takami, K. (2025). Quantifying the Effect of Mobility-restricting Policy Stringency on Leisure Outings in the Greater Tokyo Area. Findings. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.137209
Teeroovengadum, V., Seetanah, B., Bindah, E. V., Pooloo, A., & Veerasawmy, I. (2021). Minimising perceived travel risk in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to boost travel and tourism. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-05-2020-0195
Tomczewska-Popowycz, N., & Quirini-Popławski, Ł. (2021). Political instability equals the collapse of tourism in Ukraine? Sustainability, 13(8), 4126. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084126
Tuason, M., Güss, C. D., & Boyd, L. (2021). Thriving during COVID-19: Predictors of psychological well-being and ways of coping. PLoS ONE, 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248591
Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
Vada, S., Prentice, C., Scott, N., & Hsiao, A. (2020). Positive psychology and tourist well-being: A systematic literature review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100631
Valentini, F., & Damásio, B. F. (2016). Variância média extraída e confiabilidade composta: indicadores de precisão. Psicologia: teoria e pesquisa, 32, e322225. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3772e322225
Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 51(5), 730. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.51.5.730
Vento, E., Tammi, T., McCabe, S., & Komppula, R. (2020). Re-evaluating well-being outcomes of social tourism: Evidence from Finland. Annals of Tourism Research, 85, 103085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103085
Xiong, Y., & Tang, X. (2023). Tourism during health disasters: Exploring the role of health system quality, transport infrastructure, and environmental expenditures in the revival of the global tourism industry. PLOS ONE, 18, e0290252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290252
Yao, Y., Zhao, X., Ren, L., & Jia, G. (2022). Compensatory travel in the post COVID-19 pandemic era: How does boredom stimulate intentions? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.003
Yang, F., & Wong, I. A. (2020). The social crisis aftermath: Tourist well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(6), 859–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1843047
Yang, Y., Cao, M., Cheng, L., Zhai, K., Zhao, X., & De Vos, J. (2021). Exploring the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in travel behaviour: A qualitative study. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives,11,100450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100450
Yepyk, L., Hryndii, O., & Symonenko, O. (2025). Mechanisms of psycho-emotional recovery of personality in the context of natural and recreational practices and restorative tourism. Social Development: Economic and Legal Issues. https://doi.org/10.70651/3083-6018/2025.10.10
Yin, J., & Lui, J. (2024). Factors influencing risk perception during Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC): a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18832-z
Zhang, C., Wang, L., & Rickly, J. (2021). Non-interaction and identity change in COVID-19 tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 89, 103211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103211
Zhang, F., Cheng, Q., Lv, Y., & Li, N. (2025). Risk perception, travel intentions and self-protective behavior of chronically ill tourists under the protection motivation perspective. Scientific Reports, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90410-8
Zheng, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., & Qian, L. (2017). Exploring sub-dimensions of intrapersonal constraints to visiting dark tourism sites: A comparison of participants and non-participants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1175489
Copyright (c) 2026 Turismo: Visão e Ação

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A Turismo: Visão e Ação vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Turismo e Hotelaria - Mestrado e Doutorado, é um periódico científico de publicação no sistema de fluxo contínuo, interdisciplinar e de alcance internacional, classificada, segundo os critérios Qualis/CAPES (2021-2024), como 'A4' na área de Administração, Ciências Contábeis e Turismo. Registrada no ISSN sob o número 1983-7151, a Turismo: Visão e Ação iniciou suas atividades em 1998 com publicações impressas, nas versões inglês e português. Em 2008, transformou-se em publicação On-Line, com alcance maior do público interessado, mantendo como política de ser um periódico de acesso aberto e sem cobranças de taxas de submissão e acesso aos artigos. A Turismo: Visão e Ação (TVA) possui como título abreviado do periódico Tur., Visão e Ação, usado em bibliografias, notas de rodapé, referências e legendas bibliográficas.