This study aimed to analyze the scientific production of the historicity of Multiprofessional Residency Programs in the Unified Health System, highlighting their challenges and perspectives. The Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs) databases were searched, using the descriptors “Multiprofessional Residency in Health” and “Sistema Único de Saúde”. Articles, dissertations and theses from the last five years were included, in Portuguese. 15 were included and analyzed in this study, as they contributed with notes on the assessment of challenges and perspectives of the Multiprofessional Health Residency Program. The results suggest that there is a need for investigations focused on this topic. However, it appears that the program contributes, even if not absolutely, to promoting comprehensive care.