MAINSTREAMING HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE ENLARGEMENT POLICY: THE CASE OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14210/nej.v26n2.p597-618Palavras-chave:
Enlargement Policy, Conditionality, Human Rights Actor, Western Balkan countries, EU Charter of Fundamental RightsResumo
The EU enlargement has been considered as the EU’s most efficient foreign policy instrument in terms of its ability to transform communist countries into functional democracies and open market countries. Since the beginning of 1990s, the promotion of human rights has become prominent topic either for the consolidation of human rights within the EU or outside. The argument of this paper is that the EU enlargement policy has influenced Western Balkan countries to improve their domestic legislation in the area of human rights. The paper demonstrates, firstly, how has evolved the EU human rights actorness from the establishment of the EE Community and secondly, discuss strategies and instruments used by the EU to export its norms and values in the Western Balkan countries. The paper addresses the following research question: how, whether and to what extent, the EU has promoted human rights in the Western Balkan countries. Throughout this paper, a doctrinal legal research has been used to analyze EU primary and secondary sources. The value of this paper lies in its comprehensiveness in drawing a complete picture of EU role in promoting human rights in Western Balkan countries through enlargement policy and to discuss the impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in the candidate countries.Downloads
Referências
ACP-EEC First Convention signed at Lomé on 28 February 1975, OJ L 025 , 30/01/1976
ACP-EEC Fourth Convention signed at Lomé on 15 December 1989 [1991] OJ L 229
ANASTASAKIS, O. ‘The Europeanization of the Balkans’ (2005) Vol.12, The Brown Journal of World Affairs
ARTS, K. Integrating Human Rights into Development Cooperation: The Case of the Lombe Convention,
Springer, 2000
BARTEL, L. Human Rights and Democracy Clauses in the EU’s International Agreements, DG for External
Policies of the Union, 2005
BARTEL, L. Human Rights in the EU’s International Agreement, Oxford university Press, 2005
BARTEL, L. Human Rights in the EU’s International Agreement, Oxford university Press, 2005
BERRY, E. HOMEWOOD, M. J.and BOGUSZ, B. Complete EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, Oxford University
Press, 2019, p. 416
BIEBER, F. ‘Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western
Balkans’ (2011) Vol. 63, Europe-Asia Studies
BULTERMAN, M. Human Rights in the Treaty Relations of the European Union, Insertia, 2001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/092405190101900407
BURLEY, A. M. and MATTLI, W. ‘Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration’ (1993) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300004707
Vol. 47, International Organization
Commission Communication to the Council and the European Parliament on the Stabilization and Association
process for Countries of South – Eastern Europe [1999] COM 235
Commission, ‘A more credible, dynamic, predictable and political EU accession process - Commission lays
out its proposals’ (Press release, 5 February 2020) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/
IP_20_181> accessed 6 February 2020
Commission, ‘Enhancing the accession process - A credible EU perspective for the Western Balkans’
(Communication) COM(2020) 57 final
Commission, ‘Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2013-2014’ (Communication from the Commission
to the European Parliament and The Council) COM (2013) 700 final
Commission, ‘EU Enlargement Strategy’ (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,
the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions) COM (2015)
final
Commission, ‘EU Enlargement Strategy’ (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the
Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions) COM (2015) 611 final
Commission, ‘Remarks by Commissioner Olivér Várhelyi at the press conference on the revised
enlargement methodology’ <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_20_208>
accessed 6 February 2020
Commission, 2020 Communication on EU enlargement policy [2020] COM(2020) 660 final
Council Declaration on the situation in Uganda, 21 June 1977, Bull. EC, 6-1977, 2.2.59
Council Directive 64/221/EEC of 25 February 1964 on the co-ordination of special measures concerning the
movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security
or public health [1964] OJ Special edition
Council of the European Union, Thessaloniki European Council 19 and 20 June 2003 Presidency Conclusions,
Brussels, 1 October 2003
Council Regulation (EC) No 1085/2006 of 17 July 2006 establishing an Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
(IPA) [2006] OJ L 210/82
Council Regulation (EC) No 2666/2000 of 5 December 2000 on assistance for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, repealing
Regulation (EC) No 1628/96 and amending Regulations (EEC) No 3906/89 and (EEC) No 1360/90 and Decisions
/256/EC and 1999/311/EC [2000] OJ L 306/1
Council Regulation (EEC) No 3906/89 of 18 December 1989 on economic aid to certain countries of Central
and Eastern Europe [1989] OJ L 375/11
CRAIG, P. and de BÚRCA, G. EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, 7th edn, Oxford University Press
de BÚRCA, G. ‘The Road not taken: The European Union as a Global Human Rights Actor’ (2011) Vol. 105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.4.0649
The American Journal of International Law
DIMITROVA, A. L. ‘The EU’s Evolving Enlargement Strategies: Does Tougher Conditionality Open the
Door for Further Enlargement?’, Working Paper SERIES 30, MAXCAP, 2016
DUKE, S. The Elusive Quest for European Security, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230509672
DŽIHIĆ, V. and WIESER, A. ‘Incentives for Democratisation? Effects of EU Conditionality on Democracy in
Bosnia & Hercegovina’ (2011) Vol. 63, Europe-Asia Studies
EMMERT, F. and PETROVIĆ, S. ‘The Past, Present, and Future of EU Enlargement’ (2014) Vol. 37, Fordham
International Law Journal
European Council, ‘Cologne European Council 3-4 June 1999’ (Conclusions of the Presidency)
www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/kol1_en.htm> accessed 2 February 2021
European Council, ‘Conclusion of the Presidency’ (SN 180 / 1 / 93 Rev 1, 21 – 22 June 1993),
consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf> accessed 31 January 2021
European Council, ‘Conclusion of the Presidency’ (SN 180 / 1 / 93 Rev 1, 21 – 22 June 1993),
consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf> accessed 31 January 2021
European Council, ‘Santa Maria da Feira European Council: Conclusions of the Presidency’ (19 and 20 June
<https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/fei1_en.htm> accessed 22 January 2021
European Council, “Presidency Conclusion” (Madrid, 15 and 16 December 1995) <http://www.consilium.
europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/00400-C.EN5.htm> accessed 14 February 2021
FIERRO, E. The EU’s Approach to Human Rights Conditionality in Practice, Martinus Hijhoff Publishers,
Gerber, D. J. ‘The Transformation of European Community Competition Law’ (1994) Vol. 35, Harvard
International Law Journal
GRABBE, H. ‘Six lessons of enlargement ten years on: the EU’s transformative power in retrospect and
prospect’ (2014) Vol. 52, Journal of Common Market Studies
GRABBE, H. The EU’s Transformative Power: Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and
Eastern Europe, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
HAJDINI, B. and Skara, G. ‘Lost in Implementation: EU Law Application in Albanian Legal System’ (2017)
Issue 33, Journal of Legal Studies
HAJDINI, B. and Skara, G. ‘Lost in Implementation: EU Law Application in Albanian Legal System’ (2017) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jles-2017-0003
Issue 33, Journal of Legal Studies
Judgement of 15 July 1964, Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L., C-6/64, [1964] ECLI:EU:C:1964:66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9112/15/3/009
Judgement of 5 February 1963, NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v
Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration, C-26/62, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1
Judgment of 12 December 1996, X, Joined Cases C-74/95 and C-129/95, ECLI:EU:C:1996:491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691228211-007
Judgment of 12 November 1969, Stauder v Stadt Ulm, C-29/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(69)90053-6
Judgment of 13 December 1979, Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz, C-44/79, ECLI:EU:C:1979:290
Judgment of 13 December 1989, Oyowe and Traore v Commission, C-100/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:638
Judgment of 14 May 1974, Nold KG v Commission, C-4/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:51
Judgment of 14 May 1974, Nold KG v Commission, C-4/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:51
Judgment of 14 October 2004, Omega, C-36/02, ECLI:EU:C:2004:614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2495-x
Judgment of 15 July 1960, Präsident Ruhrkohlen-Verkaufsgesellschaft and Others v High Authority, C-36–
/59 and C-40/59, ECLI:EU:C:1960:36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094691
Judgment of 15 May 1986, Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, C-222/84,
ECLI:EU:C:1986:206
Judgment of 17 December 1970, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für
Getreide und Futtermittel, C-11/70, ECLI:EU:C:1970:114
Judgment of 17 February 1998, Grant v South West Trains Ltd, C-249/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:63
Judgment of 18 September 1992, X v Commission, joined cases T-121/89 and T-13/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:96
Judgment of 20 March 1984, Razzouk and Beydoun v Commission, Joined Cases C-75/82 and C-117/82,
ECLI:EU:C:1984:116
Judgment of 22 December 2010, DEB Deutsche Energiehandels- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH v
Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C-279/09, ECLI:EU:C:2010:811
Judgment of 23 February 2013, Stefano Melloni v Ministerio Fiscal, Case C-399/11, EU:C:2013:107
Judgment of 27 October 1976, Prais v Council, C-130/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.19760270219
Judgment of 28 October 1975, Rutili v Ministre de l’intérieur. C-36/75, ECLI:EU:C:1975:137
Judgment of 4 February 1959, Storck v Haute autorité, C-1/58, ECLI:EU:C:1959:4
Judgment of 4 February 1959, Storck v Haute autorité, C-1/58, ECLI:EU:C:1959:4
Judgment of 6 February 1986, Castille v Commission, Joined cases C-173/82, C-157/83 and C-186/84,
ECLI:EU:C:1986:54
Judgment of 7 June 1983, Musique Diffusion Française v Commission, Joined cases C-100-103/80,
ECLI:EU:C:1983:158
Judgment of 8 July 1999, P Montecatini SpA v Commission, C-235/92, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362
Judgment of 8 October 1986, Staatsanwalt Freiburg v Keller, C-234/85, ECLI:EU:C:1986:377
KARP, B. ‘The Draft Constitution for a European Political Community’ (1954) Vol. 8, International DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300030551
Organization
KÖRTVÉLYESI, Z. ‘Inconsistency and Criticism: Mapping Inconsistency Arguments Regarding Human
Rights Promotion in EU External Relations’ (2016) European Yearbook of Human Rights
KUBICEK, P. J. ‘International Norms, the European Union, and Democratization: Tentative Theory and
Evidence’ in Paul J Kubicek (ed), The European Union and Democratization, Routledge, 2003
LINOTTE, D. ‘Corruption in the Balkans and EU Membership’ (BiEPAG BLOG, 21 December 2019)
biepag.eu/corruption-in-the-balkans-and-eu-membership/> accessed 21 January 2021
Lord GOLDSMITH QC, ‘A Charter of Rights, freedoms and principles’ (2001) Vol. 38, Common Market Law DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/383895
Review
MAMMADOV, A. ‘Human Rights Promotion in the EU Foreign Policy’ (Global Politics, 28 August 2010)
<http://www.globalpolitics.cz/clanky/human-rights-promotion-in-the-eu-foreign-policy> accessed 29
December 2020
MENÉNDEZ, J. ‘Chartering Europe: Legal Status and Policy Implications of the Charter of Fundamental
Rights of the European Union’ (2002) Vol. 40, JCMS DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.39.s1.10-i2
MILLER, V. The Human Rights Clause in the EU’s External Agreement, House of Commons Library,
International Affairs and Defence, 2004
MOBERG, A. ‘What Constitutes a Breach of the EC’s Conditionality Clause? <https://gup.ub.gu.se/v1/asset_
data/206701> accessed 29 December 2020
Opinion of Advocate General Mischo delivered on 20 September 2001, Booker Aquaculture Ltd trading as
Marine Harvest McConnell and Hydro Seafood GSP Ltd v The Scottish Ministers, Joined Cases C-20/00 and
C-64/00, ECLI:EU:C:2001:469, para 126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5135/eusj1997.2001.126
Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within
the Community [1968] OJ Special edition
Regulation (EU) No 231/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 establishing an
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA II) [2014] L 77/11
Regulation (EU) No 231/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 establishing an
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA II) [2014] OJ L 77/11
Resolution 14 ‘Adopted on 10 September 1952 at Luxembourg by the six Ministers for Foreign Affairs’
aei.pitt.edu/991/1/political_union_draft_treaty_1.pdf> accessed 22 January 2021
ROSAS, A. ‘Is the EU a Human rights Organisation’ CLEER Working Paper 2011/1
SADURSKI, W. ‘Charter and Enlargement’ (2002) Vol. 8, European Law Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0386.00157
SCHIMMELFENNING, F. ‘Competition and community: constitutional courts, rhetorical action, and the
institutionalization of human rights in the EU Union’ (2006) Vol. 13, Journal of EU Public Policy
SKARA, G. ‘The Rocky Road of Western Balkan Countries toward European Integration: The Need for a
Credible and Effective Approach’ (2020) Vol.3, Journal of European Social Research
SKARA, G. ‘The Role of The Role of the EU as a Peacebuilder in the Western Balkans’ (2014) Vol. 14,
Romanian Journal of European Affairs
SMITH, K. E. European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World, 3rd edition, Polity Press, 2014
SMITH, K. E. European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World, 3rd edition, Polity Press, 2014
SPAVENTA, E. ‘Fundamental Rights in the European Union’ in Catherine Barnard and Steve Peers (eds),
European Union Law, 3rd edition, Oxfrod University Press, 2020
Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the
one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part, [2004] OJ L 84/13
Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the
one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part [2009] OJ L 107/166
Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the
one part, and the Republic of Serbia, of the other part [2013] OJ L 278/16
Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the
one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part [2010] OJ L108/3
Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the
one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part [2015] OJ L 164/2
Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy
Community, of the one part, and Kosovo*, of the other part [2016] OJ L 71/3
The Treaty on European Union, as signed in Maastricht on 7 February 1992
The World Bank and WIIW, ‘Western Balkans Labor Market Trends 2020’, SEE Jobs Gateway March 2020
Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (EEC Treaty) [1957] OJ Special edition
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European
Communities and certain related acts - Final Act [1997] OJ C 340/01
UVIN, P. ‘Do as I say, not as I do: The Limits of Political Conditionality’ in George Sorensen (ed), Political
Conditionality, Frank Cass, 1993
VELLUTI, S. ‘The Promotion and Integration of Human Rights in EU External Trade Relations’ (2016) Vol. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.342
, Utrecht Journal of International and European Law
WEILER, H.H. J. ‘Eurocacy and Distrust: Some Questions Concerning the Role of the European Court
of Justice in the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights Within the Legal Order of the European
Communities’ (1986) Vol. 61, Washington Law Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/088453368600100122
WETZEL, J. E. (ed). The EU as a “Global Player” in Human Rights? Routledge, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203126301
WOUTERS, J. ‘The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: Some Reflections on its External Dimensions’
(2001) Vol. 8, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
YOUNGS, R. ‘Engaging: sharpening European influence. In New terms of engagement’, in Richard Young
(ed), Global Europe Report 2: New Terms of Engagement, The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004
Zagreb Summit, (Final declaration, November 2000) <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/
docs/pressdata/en/er/Declang4.doc.html> accessed 20 January 2021
ZOLKOS, M. M. ‘Bringing Human Rights in the Enlargement Politics: the EU as a Human Rights Promoter
in the Central Eastern Europe’ [2004] Středoevropské politické studie <https://journals.muni.cz/cepsr/article/
view/4044/5283> accessed 1 March 2021
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Na qualidade de autor(es) da colaboração, original e inédita, sobre o qual me(nos) responsabilizo(amos) civil e penalmente pelo seu conteúdo, após ter lido as diretrizes para autores, concordado(amos) plenamente com as Políticas Editorias da Revista Novos Estudos Jurídicos - NEJ e autorizo(amos) a publicação na rede mundial de computadores (Internet), permitindo, também, que sua linguagem possa ser reformulada, caso seja necessário, sem que me(nos) seja devido qualquer pagamento a título de direitos autorais, podendo qualquer interessado acessá-lo e/ou reproduzi-lo mediante download, desde que a reprodução e/ou publicação obedeçam as normas da ABNT e tenham a finalidade exclusiva de uso por quem a consulta a título de divulgação da produção acadêmico científico.
